Schlagwort: englische Grammatik

Was ist der Unterschied zwischen „in time“ und „on time„?

Eine berechtigte Frage! Hoffentlich kommt meine Erklärung just in time… Es gibt immerhin einen signifikanten Unterschied:

Wenn etwas on time ist, passiert es wie abgesprochen oder angekündigt. Die Sache erfolgt also zu einem vorher festgelegten bzw. abgesprochenen Zeitpunkt. Sie erfolgt in anderen Worten weder sonderlich früh noch zu spät, wie in den folgenden Beispielen:

„Our flight is set to depart on time at 13:30.“

„I arrived on time for work this morning, thank goodness. After all, I’ve been late every other day this week.“

on time heißt also „pünktlich“ als spräche man von einer Deutschen Bahn, von der man nur träumen vermag…

In time heißt hingegen „early enough“, erfolgt also früh genug vor einem gegebenen Deadline oder Stichtag, usw. Wie in den folgenden Beispielen:

„We didn’t get to the airport until 12:00 but needed to be at the gate by 13:00 to make our flight. We checked in online, rushed our way through security, and made it to the gate in time for boarding!“

„My 2 o’clock cancelled this afternoon. I was just about to leave the office to meet them, but they sent me an SMS just in time.“

in time heißt also „gerade noch rechtzeitig“–zwar erst kurz vor knapp aber dann ist alles noch gut gegangen.

Introduction

American English speakers tend to use the present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) less than speakers of British English do. In spoken American English, it is quite common to use the simple past when present perfect is preferred in British English. The two situations where this is especially likely are:

1. In sentences which talk about an action in the past that has an effect in the present:

 

American English (AmE) / British English (BrE)

• Jenny feels ill. She ate too much. (AmE)
• Jenny feels ill. She’s eaten too much. (BrE)
• I can’t find my keys. Did you see them anywhere? (AmE)
• I can’t find my keys. Have you seen them anywhere? (BrE)

 

2. In sentences which contain the words already, just or yet:

 

American English / British English

• A: Are they going to the show tonight?
• B: No. They already saw it. (AmE)
• A: Are they going to the show tonight?
• B: No. They’ve already seen it. (BrE)
• A: Is Samantha here?
• B: No, she just left. (AmE)
• A: Is Samantha here?
• B: No, she’s just left. (BrE)
• A: Can I borrow your book?
• B: No, I didn’t read it yet. (AmE)
• A: Can I borrow your book?
• B: No, I haven’t read it yet. (BrE)

 

Verb agreement with collective nouns

In British English, collective nouns, (i.e. nouns referring to particular groups of people or things), (e.g. staff, government, class, team) can be followed by a singular or plural verb depending on whether the group is thought of as one idea, or as many individuals, e.g.

My team is winning.

The other team are all sitting down.

In American English, collective nouns are always followed by a singular verb, so an American would usually say:

Which team is losing?

whereas in British English both plural and singular forms of the verb are possible, as in:

Which team is/are losing?

 

Use of delexical verbs have and take

In British English, the verb have frequently functions as what is technically referred to as a delexical verb, i.e. it is used in contexts where it has very little meaning in itself but occurs with an object noun which describes an action, e.g.

I’d like to have a bath.

Have is frequently used in this way with nouns referring to common activities such as washing or resting, e.g.

She’s having a little nap.

I’ll just have a quick shower before we go out.

In American English, the verb take, rather than have, is used in these contexts, e.g.

Joe’s taking a shower.

I’d like to take a bath.

Let’s take a short vacation.

Why don’t you take a rest now?

 

Use of auxiliaries and modals

In British English, the auxiliary do is often used as a substitute for a verb when replying to a question, e.g.

• A: Are you coming with us?
• B: I might do.

In American English, do is not used in this way, e.g.

• A: Are you coming with us?
• B: I might.

In British English, needn’t is often used instead of don’t need to, e.g.

They needn’t come to school today.

They don’t need to come to school today.

In American English, needn’t is very unusual and the usual form is don’t need to, e.g.

They don’t need to come to school today.

In British English, shall is sometimes used as an alternative to will to talk about the future, e.g.

I shall/will be there later.

In American English, shall is unusual and will is normally used.

In British English, shall I/we is often used to ask for advice or an opinion, e.g.

Shall we ask him to come with us?

In American English, should is often used instead of shall, e.g.

Should we ask him to come with us?

We can also solicit advice and ask opinions or make suggestions with shall in American English. It’s just unusual to hear it in casual speech in particular.

Use of prepositions

In British English, at is used with many time expressions, e.g.

at Christmas/five ‚o‘ clock

at the weekend

In American English, on is always used when talking about the weekend, not at, e.g.

Will they still be there on the weekend?

She’ll be coming home on weekends.

In British English, at is often used when talking about universities or other institutions, e.g.

She studied chemistry at university.

In American English, in is often used, e.g.

She studied French in high school and also when she was in college.

In British English, to and from are used with the adjective different, e.g.

This place is different from/to anything I’ve seen before.

In American English from and than are used with different, e.g.

This place is different from/than anything I’ve seen before.

In British English, to is always used after the verb write, e.g.

I promised to write to her every day.

In American English, to can be omitted after write, i.e.

I promised to write her every day.

 

Past tense forms

Below is a table showing verbs which have different simple past and past participle forms in American and British English. Note that the irregular past forms burnt, dreamt and spoilt are possible in American English, but less common than the forms ending in -ed.

Infinitive	Simple past (Br)	Simple past (Am)	Past participle (Br)	Past participle (Am)
burn	burned/ burnt	burned/ burnt	burned/ burnt	burned/ burnt
bust	bust	busted	bust	busted
dive	dived	dove/ dived	dived	dived
dream	dreamed/ dreamt	dreamed/ dreamt	dreamed/ dreamt	dreamed/ dreamt
get	got	got	got	gotten
lean	leaned/ leant	leaned	leaned/ leant	leaned
learn	learned/ learnt	learned	learned/ learnt	learned
plead	pleaded	pleaded/ pled	pleaded	pleaded/ pled
prove	proved	proved	proved	proved/ proven
saw	sawed	sawed	sawn	sawn/ sawed
smell	smelled/ smelt	smelled	smelled/ smelt	smelled
spill	spilled/ spilt	spilled	spilled/ spilt	spilled
spoil	spoiled/ spoilt	spoiled/ spoilt	spoiled/ spoilt	spoiled/ spoilt
stink	stank	stank/ stunk	stunk	stunk
wake	woke	woke/ waked	woken	woken

Note that have got is possible in American English, but is used with the meaning ‚have‚, and gotten is the usual past participle of get.

Orthography/different spellings

One other point worth mentioning is that British and American English have different spelling standards.

The ending -ize (AmE) v/s -ise (BrE) or -yze/-yse e.g.

monetize v/s monetise, analyze v/s analyse

But note that there is a small list of words that only take the -ise ending in both American and British English:

advertise	compromise	exercise	revise
advise	despise	improvise	supervise
apprise	devise	incise	surmise
chastise	disguise	prise (meaning ‘open’)	surprise
comprise	excise	promise	televise

-or (AmE) v/s -our (BrE) e.g.

color v/s colour, flavor v/s flavour, etc.

And funny words like curb v/s kerb, connection v/s connexion, airplane v/s aeroplane, etc. After all, variety is the spice of life.

Vocabulary

We also have some widely known differences in vocabulary, mostly related to everyday items or objects, from food to transportation, etc.

trunk (AmE) v/s boot (BrE)

hood (AmE) v/s bonnet (BrE)

truck (AmE) v/s lorry (BrE)

diaper (AmE) v/s nappy (BrE)

stroller (AmE) v/s pram (BrE)

windshield (AmE) v/s windscreen (BrE)

napkin (AmE) v/s serviette (BrE)

eggplant (AmE) v/s aubergine (BrE)

cilantro (AmE) v/s coriander (BrE)

cookie (AmE) v/s biscuit (BrE)

apartment (AmE) v/s flat (BrE)

The list goes on and on! The Oxford Living Dictionaries has a great list

 

see / look / watch – habe ich da etwas übersehen? Heute wollen wir einen Blick auf ein paar Verben werfen–simple Verben, die jeder aus der Schule kennt, die aber trotzdem leicht zu verwechseln sein können.

Während der Bedeutung von „see“ (sehen) ziemlich offensichtlich sein dürfte,  ärgern wir uns insbesondere über den Unterschied zwischen „look“ und „watch“. Es gibt im Deutschen immerhin kaum einen nennenswerten Bedeutungsunterschied zwischen gucken, schauen & Co. Schauen wir uns ein Beispiel an:

Wie ist es einem Film: Habe ich ihn im Englischen eigentlich gelookt oder gewatcht?

LOOK heißt nur „den Blick in einen bestimmten Richtung lenken“ oder „etwas auf eine bestimmte Art und Weise betrachten“. Ich habe den Film also definitiv nicht „gelookt“–ein häufiger Fehler.

• She looked impatient. She kept looking down at her watch.
• I look at it like this: you win some, you loose some.

WATCH bedeutet „etwas über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg aufmerksam beobachten“ oder „Sorgfalt, Vorsicht oder Zurückhaltung walten lassen.“

• We binge-watched Harry Potter movies last weekend.
• I try to watch what I eat and exercise regularly.

Habe ich da was übersehen?

Nein, aber das Wort übersehen wird auch häufig falsch ins Englische übersetzt:

OVERSEE ist die „Überwachung (einer Person oder ihrer Arbeit), insbesondere in amtlicher Funktion“, e.g.: The first lady oversees the residence as well as the state floor. – sie verwaltet das Ganze also.

OVERLOOK hingegen bedeutet 1). „etwas nicht bemerken“ oder 2). „einen Blick von oben haben“, e.g.: 1). You seem to have overlooked an important detail. bzw. 2). The castle overlooks the rolling fields of the English countryside. – Im 1. Beispiel haben wir etwas tatsächlich übersehen, während wir im 2. etwas überblicken.

See? Even the puns send your eyes rolling, I hope the explanations were eye opening!